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Twenty barangays of Jaén are fully irrigated, with about 80% of the land (approximately 9,500 hectares) being suited for rice production. Most of the north-western section of the municipality is devoted to rice farming, as rice production is the main livelihood of the populace. Jaén is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. The municipality has a land area of 11,800 hectares (29,000 acres) and is divided into 27 barangays, two of which are in the Población proper. Jaén is bounded by the municipalities of Santa Rosa on the north-east Zaragoza on the north-west by San Isidro on the south San Leonardo on the east and by San Antonio on the west. The municipality is situated in the southern part of Nueva Ecija, some 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Manila. This successful attack made Lumanas a historical site called " Pinagtambangan", where a marker was erected in memory of the event. On August 24, 1896, its people revolted against the Spaniards and in September of the same year, armed with bolos and spears, ambushed and killed forty Spanish soldiers in Lumanas (now a Sitio of Barangay Santo Tomas South). In the olden days, Pampanga River was once the only and the fastest way of transportation in going to Manila and other places. About 100 km from Manila via the old Cagayan Valley Road, the town has other road networks connecting it to Nueva Viscaya, Isabela, Pampanga, Olangapo and Bataan. Jaen is in Central Luzon, in the southern part of Nueva Ecija. Moso, Kabesang Prudencio and Kapitan Antonio led the establishment of the first Catholic church (the present-day parish church). Father Martínez marked the document as approved but later wrote in his own wish that the name "Ibayong Ilog" be changed to the name of his birthplace of Jaén, Spain. The declaration was brought to Governor-General Juan de Lara e Irigoyen in Manila, and afterwards was submitted to the Vice-General of the Philippines in the person of Rev Gregorio Martínez. The Spanish officials signed the papers granting the petition that "Ibayong Ilog" be a town in Factoria (now San Isidro) which was then the capital of Nueva Ecija. On June 18, 1865, Jaen itself partitioned from San Antonio, and retained Saint Augustine of Hippo as its patron saint. When the place improved and its population grew to no less than 5,000 people, it became a town through a petition filed by the inhabitants through the initiative of two early leaders, Kabesang Prudencio Esquivel and Kapitan Antonio Embuscado. By 1865, Jaen was known by its old name "Ibayong Ilog", and because there were many people in the river port in what is now Barangay Langla, the town became a centre for trade. When San Antonio itself became a town, the area was still its component barrio called San Agustin. When San Isidro became a town and was separated from Gapan, the town and San Antonio became one of its component barrios. During the Spanish Era, the municipality was only a component barrio of Gapan.